Tags / 101 quotes from 40 sources
#language
12 Untranslatable Words (and Their Translations) | David Shariatmadari | Commentisfree | The Guardian
Lexical fields (structuralism)
The second is the idea of structuralism, in which every part of the structure of a language is related. Think of it like this: the real world is a plain patch of ground, and language is a net we throw over it. Each time the net falls, every one of the diamond-shaped holes lands…
Meaning of snow for eskimos
“We have [In English] the same word for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed hard like ice, slushy snow, wind-driven flying snow – whatever the situation may be. To an Eskimo, this all-inclusive word would be almost unthinkable; he would say that falling snow, slushy…
Sapir-whorf hypothesis
These examples of “untranslatability” are all wrong or just silly in their various ways. But it’s hard to shake off the feeling that there’s some truth in the idea that speaking a different language makes you see the world slightly differently: as though wearing tinted glasses…
A Bit Of History — The Adventures Of A Pythonista In Schemeland V0.1 Documentation
Fortran and Lisp
The history of programming begins with two languages with two completely different philosophies and goals: Fortran and Lisp. Both languages come from Academia, but from two opposite fields: on one side we find physicists and engineers interested in numeric computations to be…
Adesso basta (Simone Perotti)
Puntare sulle cose difficili
Italo Calvino, interpellato da un giornalista sul millennio entrante, diede la sua ricetta su quel che bisognava fare per dare senso alla vita e renderla significativa: «Bisogna puntare sulle cose difficili, eseguite alla perfezione, le cose che richiedono sforzo; diffidare…
Beating The Averages
Programming languages are habits of mind
What's so great about Lisp? And if Lisp is so great, why doesn't everyone use it? These sound like rhetorical questions, but actually they have straightforward answers. Lisp is so great not because of some magic quality visible only to devotees, but because it is simply the…
Beyond Zero and One (Andrew Smart)
The Mundurucu and words for numbers
Numerical cognition and its relationship to linguistic evolution is a large area of active research. In contrast to the Mangarevan example, where a complex cultural ecology involving a distributed trade network may have spurred the development of advanced math, the Mundurucu…
Language gives numbers their power
development cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Spelke calls this the “compositionality power” of language. It allows us to take the approximate sense of numerosity we are all born with and make sets out of the individual objects we estimate.43 Noam Chomsky has long claimed that…
Language underlies social reality
The most important fact, which Searle says that almost all of social science and philosophy going back to Aristotle take for granted, is language. It is only by assuming language that you can develop social contracts or analyze how controlling linguistic categories grants power…
Brain Rules for Baby (John Medina)
Gestures are windows into thought
Gestures and speech used similar neural circuits as they developed in our evolutionary history. University of Chicago psycholinguist David McNeill was the first to suggest this. He thought nonverbal and verbal skills might retain their strong ties even though they’ve diverged…
Talking to children raises their IQ
Speak to your children as often as you can. It is one of the most well-established findings in all of the developmental literature. The linkage between words and smarts was discovered through some pretty invasive research. In one study, investigators descended upon a family’s…
Teaching a child to name jealousy
“I don’t like it,” the 3-year-old muttered to herself as the guests left. Miserable throughout her older sister’s birthday party, she was now growing angry. “I want Ally’s doll, not this one!” Her parents had bought her a consolation present, but the strategy went down like a…
Durante (Andrea De Carlo)
Il costo di adattarsi a un'altra lingua
Come ogni volta che sentivo Astrid parlare tedesco, mi chiedevo quanto le costasse davvero l’adattamento a una lingua e a una cultura lontane dalla sua, adesso che si era esaurita l’eccitazione di vivere nel paese dove da bambina veniva in vacanza, e che il paese aveva rivelato…
Epigrams On Programming
Programming languages
A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing.
Low level programming languages
A programming language is low level when its programs require attention to the irrelevant.
Things no language can say well
There will always be things we wish to say in our programs that in all known languages can only be said poorly.
Handbook Of Knowledge Representation
Ontologies versus data models
The difference between ontologies and data models does not lie in the language being used: you can define an ontology in a basic ER language (although you will be hampered in what you can say); similarly, you can write a data model with OWL. Writing something in OWL does not…
Hello Haskell, Goodbye Lisp
Macros in lisp
Another beauty of Lisp is its macro facility. I’ve not seen its like in any other language. Because the forms of code and data are equivalent, Lisps macro are not just text substitution, they allow you to modify code structure at compile-time. It’s like having a compiler…
How Books Will Become Machines
The core business model of search engines is about selling words
If search engines become the most direct way to discover books, writers will be encouraged to adapt their style and chosen vocabularies in consequences, reusing, for instance, words often searched or choosing them based on marketing considerations. We will progressively…
Human, All Too Human: A Book For Free Spirits
Language causes metaphysics
Language as a Presumptive Science.—The importance of language in the development of civilization consists in the fact that by means of it man placed one world, his own, alongside another, a place of leverage that he thought so firm as to admit of his turning the rest of the…
Improving The Human Factors Aspect Of Database Interactions.
Problems with database query languages
Two problems come to mind with this yardstick in evaluating the human factors aspect of a language: (1) Many queries that can be written with a relationally complete language are extremely difficult to compose or comprehend. Few people claim to have a thorough understanding of…
Introducing Artificial Intelligence (Henry Brighton and Howard Selina)
The early failure of machine translation
In 1963, after spending $20 million on research into machine translation, the US funding agency concluded: “There is no immediate or predictable prospect of useful machine translation” – National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, 1963. Faced with a hard problem, AI…
Learning Chinese from a Chinese-Chinese dictionary
First, imagine a native English-speaker learning Chinese, armed only with a Chinese-Chinese dictionary. Harnard likens this to a cryptologist cracking a code.
The symbol-symbol merry-go-round
Could you ever learn Chinese as a first language, with only the aid of a Chinese-Chinese dictionary? Harnard likens this to a symbol-symbol merry-go-round.
A shared language emerging between agents
The aim of the experiment is to investigate how a shared language can emerge as a result of the interactions between agents. Crucially, nowhere in the experiment is language defined; it develops as a result of interactions between the agents. Starting with a blank slate, the…
The Talking Heads experiment
The key insight of the Talking Heads experiment is that agents develop their own individual and internal way of categorising the world they see. While, at the same time, through external communication, they negotiate a shared lexicon. Different agents may be talking about the…
Introduction To Clojure - Modern Dialect Of Lisp (part 1) / By @nardove + @toxi
Immutability (computer science)
Immutability isn't a well known concept among the (imperative) languages, which readers of this blog might be more familiar with. In fact, these languages are mainly built around its opposite, mutability - the ability to define data, pass it around via references/pointers and…
Leielui (italian Edition) (de Carlo, Andrea)
Suocera e cognato, parole da temere
Lei non risponde; sta pensando ai termini inglesi e italiani che indicano le relazioni familiari acquisite. Le forme inglesi mother-in-law e father-in-law e sister-in-law eccetera le sembrano frutto di una logica coerente, che come una spada a due lame da un lato ti offre una…
Life, The Multiverse And Everything: An Introduction To The Ideas Of Humberto Maturana Interpreting Maturana
Language does not take place in the brain
Note that language does not take place in the brain but rather in the social dynamics. Languaging is a way of being together in a collective, it is a way of co-ontogenically drifting. [Without the brain there is no language, but language does not exist in the brain]
Being in love as co-ontogeny
Being in love means making a space for one another so that each becomes part of the domain of existence of the other, and within their continuous recurrency of interactions they form a system in which they have a co-ontogeny. It is the recurrency of interaction within the…
The observer
An observer is any being who can be in language speaking with another ( or to himself) and making distinctions.
From linguistic behavior to language
Given sufficient structural plasticity and the continuation of recurrent interactions then we may observe the coordination of behaviour - not only in relation to interactions in the medium but also in relation to these coordinations of actions. That is they coordinate their…
The cat and the mouse
Prior to human beings there were no objects, since objects arose with language. If we see a cat chasing and catching a mouse, then for Maturana the 'cat' is (not) eating the 'mouse'. Rather "it is flowing in the structural dynamics of its structural coupling/congruence in its…
Language is recursive coordinated linguistic behaviour; difference between first order linguistic behaviour (among animals) and second order lnguistic behaviour (among humans)
When we get a recursion in the coordination of consensual behaviour, so that there is consensual coordination of behaviour of consensual coordination of behaviour then we have this new phenomenon which is language....."So, we can also say that language is a domain of recursive…
Livecode - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Livecode programming language
The LiveCode programming language (formerly the "Revolution" programming language) is a commercial cross-platform rapid application development language inspired by Hypercard's programming language HyperTalk.
Lo Spirito del Giappone (Leonardo Vittorio Arena)
Il primo romanzo fu scritto da una donna
Il primo romanzo al mondo fu scritto da una donna, la raffinata dama di corte che si firmava Murasaki Shikibu nei primi anni del 1000. Hikaru Genji, lo splendente, è il protagonista della maggior parte dei capitoli. L’opera riflette lo stile dell’età Heian, e presenta molti…
Dogen sceglie di scrivere in giapponese
Tornato in Giappone, il monaco scrive un libello per elogiare lo zazen. Diversamente da Eisai, svincola lo Zen dallo Shingon. È coinvolto nella persecuzione del Tendai ai danni di tutte le correnti innovative del buddhismo, quali la Terra Pura e lo Zen. Deve abbandonare il…
Tetsugaku: tradurre la parola filosofia
Nishi si interessa soprattutto alla filosofia. La considera regina delle scienze, un’asserzione che parrebbe fichtiana, se non fosse per lo sfondo positivistico in cui si inscrive. Fu Nishi a imporre la sua traduzione giapponese del termine «filosofia» (philosophia). Non fu una…
Tre alfabeti, una visione del mondo
La prima impressione che si ha alla lettura di un testo giapponese è la confusione, cioè l’impressione della contaminazione tra due mondi. I caratteri cinesi (kanji) convivono con una sorta di alfabeto autoctono, hiragana, la cui forma scritta, pure, deriva dal cinese. La…
L'io si definisce in relazione all'altro
Si parla in modo diverso rivolgendosi a un proprio pari, un superiore, un subordinato o uno straniero. La gerarchia risponde, per grandi linee, a una esigenza confuciana. Ognuno deve stare al proprio posto: l’individuo scompare di fronte alle relazioni sociali. È la pedina di…
L'illuminazione senza parole
L’ambito della parola è limitato. Il risveglio si ottiene grazie all’azione o al gesto opportuni. Come in Cina, i maestri si avvalgono di espedienti non verbali, di urla o di percosse, per esortare i discepoli a una comprensione più elevata. Furono proprio queste componenti ad…
Chigau: errore e differenza insieme
Chigau. «Errore», ma anche «differenza», a far capire che l’anticonformismo in Giappone è pernicioso.
Nirvana (definizione)
Nirvana. Liberazione in sanscrito. Non potendola descrivere, la si rapporta, etimologicamente, all’estinzione di una candela, quindi delle abituali categorie di riferimento logico-linguistiche.
Zen come eccellenza (definizione)
Zen. Da non confondersi con l’omonima scuola buddhista, indica il bene o l’eccellenza, ed è scritto con un diverso carattere.
Maximize Your Child's Bilingual Ability (Adam Beck)
Daily reflection protects what matters most
If you find yourself feeling frazzled, and your own greater priorities—like devoting time and energy to your children’s language development—getting shortchanged by pressing, but less important activities, then some form of daily meditation or quiet reflection could be helpful…
Medical Subject Headings - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Medical subject headings
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences; it can also serve as a thesaurus that facilitates searching. Created and updated by the United States National Library of…
Medieval Semiotics (meier-oeser, Stephan)
The primary intention of bacon's semiotic analyses is, as it was already with augustine, to provide the foundations for the semantics of spoken language.
The primary intention of Bacon's semiotic analyses is, as it was already with Augustine, to provide the foundations for the semantics of spoken language.[27] According to Bacon, an adequate and complete account of the “difficult issue” (difficilis dubitatio) of what the…
Bacon distinguishing two modes of imposition: formal and tacit
Bacon intends to solve the resulting difficulties (which every causal theory of meaning based on the concepts of ‘reference setting’ and ‘reference borrowing’ has to face) by distinguishing two modes of imposition. This can be seen as his most inventive contribution to…
In Bacon classes of signs mean modes of signifying rather that sign vehicles
It has to be noticed that in Bacon's, as well as in any other medieval sign-typology, the classes of signs — even though this is not explicitly stated by the authors themselves — distinguish modes of signifying rather than signs in the sense of sign-vehicles. Therefore, one and…
Augustine advocates the devaluation of spoken word and written sign in favor of mental concept
In close analogy to this devaluation of the written word against the spoken one, Augustine in his later theory of verbum mentis (mental word) is advocating the devaluation of the spoken word and the external sign in general against the internal sphere of mental cognition. It is…
Aspects of modism criticized in the 13th century
Two other aspects of modism are in the focus of these criticisms: (1) the assertion of a close structural analogy between spoken or mental language and external reality (2) the inadmissible reification of the modus significandi adherent to its description as some quality or…
Speculative grammar: even though the words are arbitrarily imposed (whence arise the differences between all languages), the modes of signifying are uniformly related to the modes of being by means of the modes of understanding (whence arise the gram
The idea, fundamental both for Bacon and Ps.-Kilwardby, that grammar is a regular science rather than a propaedeutic art, is shared by the school of the so-called “modist grammarians” (modistae) emerging around 1270 in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Paris and…
Metaclass (semantic Web) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Punning
In the Semantic Web, a metaclass is a class whose instances are classes. Metaclasses are supported in the ontology language OWL and the data-modeling vocabulary RDFS. Similar to their role in programming languages, metaclasses in Semantic Web languages can have properties…
Micropublications: A Semantic Model For Claims, Evidence, Arguments And Annotations In Biomedical Communications
Support relations as graphs backing claims
Our model provides a framework to support exten- sively qualified claims in natural language, as generally presented by researchers in their primary publications. Most fundamentally, it adds support relations to claims in the literature, to assist in resolving primary…
Mind: A Brief Introduction (John R. Searle)
From philosophy of language to philosophy of mind
For most of the twentieth century the philosophy of language was “first philosophy.” Other branches of philosophy were seen as derived from the philosophy of language and dependent on results in the philosophy of language for their solution. The center of attention has now…
Externalism and the stagnation of philosophy of language
Finally, more controversially, I think the philosophy of language has reached a period of relative stagnation because of certain common mistakes that surround the doctrine of so-called externalism, the idea that the meanings of words, and by extension the contents of our minds…
Descartes denies that animals have minds
If every mind is a spiritual or mental substance, and if minds are indestructible, then it seems that if animals have minds, every animal has an immortal soul. But if it turns out that every dog, cat, mouse, flea, and grasshopper has an immortal soul, then, to put it mildly…
Rigid designators
Kripke’s argument appeals to the concept of a “rigid designator.” A rigid designator is defined as an expression that always refers to the same object in any possible state of affairs. Thus, the expression, “Benjamin Franklin,” is a rigid designator because in the usage that I…
Syntax is not semantics
The distinction between syntax and semantics is so important for the rest of the argument of this book that I want to say a little more about it here. In order that there can be human linguistic communication at all, there has to be a language. A language consists of symbols…
Intentionality-with-a-t and intensionality-with-an-s
Intentionality-with-a-t, as we have seen, is that property of the mind by which it is directed at or about or of objects and states of affairs in the world independent of itself. Intensionality-with-an-s is opposed to extensionality. It is a property of certain sentences…
Substitution and existential inference
Formally we can put this as follows: 1. [(a=b) & Fa]Fb. If a is identical with b and a has property F, then b has property F. Thus from 2. Caesar crossed the Rubicon. and 3. Caesar is identical with Mark Anthony’s best friend. we can infer 4. Mark Anthony’s best friend…
Overview \ Processing.org
Sketching is scripting with compiled Java
Processing sketches are made up of one or more tabs, with each tab representing a piece of code. The environment is designed around projects that are a few pages of code, and often three to five tabs in total. This covers a significant number of projects developed to test and…
Powerloom Knowledge Representation & Reasoning System
Knowledge representation languages
PowerLoom® is the successor to the Loom® knowledge representation system. It provides a language and environment for constructing intelligent, knowledge-based applications. PowerLoom uses a fully expressive, logic-based representation language (a variant of KIF). It uses a…
Prof.dr. B. Mons
Nanopublications as single meaningful assertions
The brainchaild of the Concept Web Alliance is the notion of ‘nanopublication’. Today, only a few years later, nanopublications are widely studied and accepted as a way to deal with massive data sets, interoperability of data, data citation and crowdsourcing. [...] The name…
Rdf Primer
Typed literals and external datatypes
The common practice in programming languages or database systems is to provide this additional information about how to interpret a literal by associating a datatype with the literal, in this case, a datatype like decimal or integer. [..] An RDF typed literal is formed by…
Reification is not quotation
It is also important to note that the interpretation of reification described here is not the same as "quotation", as found in some languages. Instead, the reification describes the relationship between a particular instance of a triple and the resources the triple refers to…
The model-theoretic semantics of RDF
RDF statements also have a formal meaning which determines, with mathematical precision, the conclusions (or entailments) that machines can draw from a given RDF graph. The RDF Semantics [RDF- SEMANTICS] document defines this formal meaning, using a technique called model…
RDF Schema is itself an RDF vocabulary
The RDF Schema facilities are themselves provided in the form of an RDF vocabulary; that is, as a specialized set of predefined RDF resources with their own special meanings. The resources in the RDF Schema vocabulary have URIrefs with the prefix…
Markup tags carry no built-in meaning
This particular markup language uses the words "sentence," "person," and "animal" as tag names in an attempt to convey some of the meaning of the elements; and they would convey meaning to an English-speaking person reading it, or to a program specifically written to interpret…
Difference between RDF and object oriented languages
One important difference is that instead of describing a class as having a collection of specific properties, an RDF schema describes properties as applying to specific classes of resources, using domain and range properties. For example, a typical object-oriented programming…
Tenure Track Researcher Language In Interaction - University Of Amsterdam
Modeling language
One of the major challenges in current research on the human language system is to unify formal modelling of crucial interactive linguistic activities such as communication, learning and argumentation, with the wide-ranging experimental approaches to language found in…
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Stephen R. Covey)
Our language reveals how proactive we are
Our language, for example, is a very real indicator of the degree to which we see ourselves as proactive people.
Reactive language absolves responsibility
The language of reactive people absolves them of responsibility.
The vocabulary of proactive language
Proactive Language Let’s look at our alternatives. I can choose a different approach. I control my own feelings. I can create an effective presentation. I will choose an appropriate response. I choose. I prefer. I will.
Reactive language as self-fulfilling prophecy
A serious problem with reactive language is that it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. People become reinforced in the paradigm that they are determined, and they produce evidence to support the belief. They feel increasingly victimized and out of control, not in charge of…
The Book: On The Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are
IT cannot be made an object
The difficulty is not only that language is dualistic, insofar as words are labels for mutually exclusive classes. The problem is that IT is so much more myself than I thought I was, so central and so basic to my existence, that I cannot make it an object. There is no way to…
The social indoctrination of an independent self
He has no way of resisting this kind of social indoctrination. It is constantly reinforced with rewards and punishments. It is built into the basic structure of the language he is learning. It is rubbed in repeatedly with such remarks as, “It isn’t like you to do a thing like…
We notice only what we can name
It seems that we notice through a double process in which the first factor is a choice of what is interesting or important. The second factor, working simultaneously with the first, is that we need a notation for almost anything that can be noticed. Notation is a system of…
The Ego Trick (baggini, Julian)
Ryle's category mistake
But why is this apparently simple error so common? A convincing explanation was offered by Gilbert Ryle in his 1949 classic The Concept of Mind. Ryle accused dualists of making what he called a ‘category mistake’. They started from the correct idea that thoughts, feelings and…
The self constructed like a fiction
In their place we need a multiplicity of narratives, ones which capture the different, contradictory perspectives that people in different times and places have of the world. This analysis applies to the self as much as it does to anything else. The self has no immutable…
Cultural variation in conceptions of self
There is, however, another argument for the social construction of self, based on the claim that notions of self vary enormously from culture to culture. And on the face of it, there does seem to be a lot of evidence that this is true. For instance, the philosopher Rom Harré…
No more than, but more than just, matter
The way I put it is that we are no more than, but more than just, matter. In other words, we are made up of nothing more than physical stuff, but to describe our true nature, you need more than just a physical vocabulary. You cannot fully describe what it is to be a person in…
Meaning as use, with a qualification
Wittgenstein argued that meanings of words often cannot be specified in logically comprehensive terms. ‘For a large class of cases – though not for all – in which we employ the word “meaning” it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.’23…
Pragmatic identity and counting sex
The distinction I am making here is between strict logical identity and what we might call pragmatic identity. There are numerous examples of words and concepts that are not strict sortals yet which can usually be used as though they were. Take the act of ‘having sex’. I’m…
The Tao Of Topic Maps
Facet (of a topic map)
Sometimes it is convenient to be able to assign metadata to the information resources that constitute the occurrences of a topic from within the topic map. To provide this capability, the standard includes the concept of the facet. Facets basically provide a mechanism for…
Theories of Childhood, Second Edition (Carol Garhart Mooney)
Offer a choice of how, not whether
Many teachers make the mistake of offering toddlers a choice when there really isn’t one. It’s very confusing for children who are trying to learn how much control they really have to be asked a rhetorical question. Adults and school-age children can understand that “Would you…
Play and language build on each other
Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that much learning takes place when children play. He believed that language and development build on each other. When children play, they constantly use language. They determine the conditions of the make-believe. They discuss roles and objects…
Towards An Ontology Of Software: A Requirements Engineering Perspective
Eden and Turner: program-script and program-process
In their ontology of computer programs [7], Eden and Turner focus on the differ- ence between code and process, which they understand as two main sub-categories of program, namely program-script and program-process. For them, the term ‘program’ is therefore polysomic: a…
Universal Grammar
Universal grammar's implicational rules
Universal Grammar is made up of a set of rules that apply to most or all natural human languages. Most of these rules come in the form of "if a language has a feature X, it will also have the feature Y." Rules that are widely considered as part of UG include: If a language is…
The poverty of the stimulus
Speakers proficient in a language know what expressions are acceptable in their language and what expressions are unacceptable. The key puzzle is how speakers should come to know the restrictions of their language, since expressions which violate those restrictions are not…
What Are The Differences Between A Vocabulary, A Taxonomy, A Thesaurus, An Ontology, And A Meta-model?
The many meanings of ontology
People use the word ontology to mean different things, e.g. glossaries & data dictionaries, thesauri & taxonomies, schemas & data models, and formal ontologies & inference. A formal ontology is a controlled vocabulary expressed in an ontology representation…
Where Are The Semantics In The Semantic Web?
Axiomatic semantics
The axiomatic semantics for a language helps to ascribe a real world semantics to expressions in that language, in that it limits the possible models or interpretations that the set of axioms may have.
Informal semantics
At a further point along the continuum, the semantics are explicit and are expressed in an informal manner, e.g., a glossary or a text specification document. Given the complexities of natural language, machines have an extremely limited ability to make direct use of informally…
Discovering what another agent means
The moment we accept the problem and grant that agents may not use the same terms to mean the same things, we need a way for an agent to discover what another agent means when it communicates. In order for this to happen, every agent will need to publicly declare exactly what…
Model-theoretic semantics
“A model-theoretic semantics for a language assumes that the language refers to a 'world', and describes the minimal conditions that a world must satisfy in order to assign an appropriate meaning for every expression in the language”. [W3C 2002a] It is used as a technical tool…
Search engines don't use formal semantics
The ability of the agent to infer something about the meaning of fuel-pump depends on the existence of a formal semantics for ontology language such as DAML+OIL. The language semantics also allow the agent to infer the meaning of complex expressions built up using language…
Problem of kr languages heterogeneity
Different ontology languages are often based on different underlying paradigms (e.g., description logic, first-order logic, frame-based representation, taxonomy, semantic net, and thesaurus). Some ontology languages are very expressive and some are not. Some ontology languages…
Problem of incompatible conceptualizations
Even with a uniform language, there may still be incompatible assumptions in the conceptualization. For example, in [Hayes 96] it is shown that two representations for time, one based on time intervals and another based on time points, are fundamentally incompatible. That is…
Problem of term heterogeneity and different modeling styles
Even if we assume a shared language and compatible conceptualizations, it is still possible, indeed likely, that different people will build different ontologies for the same domain. Two different terms may have the same meaning and the same term may have two different…
Agents must publicly declare their ontologies
The moment we accept the problem and grant that agents may not use the same terms to mean the same things, we need a way for an agent to discover what another agent means when it communicates. In order for this to happen, every agent will need to publicly declare exactly what…
World War 1 As Linked Open Data
Problems historians encounter with digital collections
To better understand the problems humanities researchers encounter in utilizing these collections, re- searchers conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with CU faculty and students [11]. The major user needs identified were better support for: 1) locating documents and data…