Tags / 37 quotes from 14 sources
#semantics
Annotationproperty Vs. Dataproperty - Answers
Annotation versus data properties: modeling and reasoning
There are significant differences in OWL DL concerning modeling and reasoning. Modeling: For annotation properties, you cannot place any axioms (OWL 1 DL) or only few axioms (OWL 2 DL: subsumption, domain and range) on them, and you cannot use them in class or property…
Beyond Zero and One (Andrew Smart)
Three kinds of information
Oxford professor of philosophy Luciano Floridi describes three flavors of the word information in modern science: “information as reality (e.g., as patterns of physical signals, which are neither true nor false), also known as ecological information; information about reality…
Physicalism and how neurons create meaning
Physicalism in its most general form is the belief that the only things in the universe that are observer-independent are physical. This is also what ontological objectivity means: once again, what things in the Universe exist without human observers? Physicalism further…
Distributed Knowledge Representation On The Social Semantic Desktop: Named Graphs, Views And Roles In Nrl
Graph views as a way to support tailored interpretations for named graphs
...we present the concept of Graph Views as one of the core concepts in NRL. By allowing for arbitrary tailored interpretations for any established named graph, graph views fulfill our idea that named graphs should not innately carry any realized semantics or assumptions…
Medieval Semiotics (meier-oeser, Stephan)
Bacon abandons the model of the semantic triangle: words signify the things themselves
2) In his account of signification of words regarding their ‘impositio’ Bacon accentuates the arbitrariness of meaning.[28] But even though the first ‘impositor’ (name-giver) is free to impose a word or sign on anything whatsoever, he does perform the act of imposition…
Mind: A Brief Introduction (John R. Searle)
The Chinese room
An argument explicitly directed against Strong AI was put forth by the present author.5 The strategy of the argument is to appeal to one’s first person experiences in testing any theory of the mind. If Strong AI were true, then anybody should be able to acquire any cognitive…
Computers manipulate symbols without meaning
as far as human cognition is concerned, such achievements are simply irrelevant. And they are irrelevant for a deep reason: the computer operates by manipulating symbols. Its processes are defined purely syntactically, whereas the human mind has more than just uninterpreted…
Syntax is not semantics
The distinction between syntax and semantics is so important for the rest of the argument of this book that I want to say a little more about it here. In order that there can be human linguistic communication at all, there has to be a language. A language consists of symbols…
Substitution and existential inference
Formally we can put this as follows: 1. [(a=b) & Fa]Fb. If a is identical with b and a has property F, then b has property F. Thus from 2. Caesar crossed the Rubicon. and 3. Caesar is identical with Mark Anthony’s best friend. we can infer 4. Mark Anthony’s best friend…
Ontologies And Knowledge Bases: Towards A Terminological Clarification
Ontological theory
An ontological theory contains formulas which are considered to be always true (and therefore sharable among multiple agents), independently of particular states of affairs. Formally, we can say that such formulas must be true in every possible world. [...] an ontological…
Rdf Primer
The model-theoretic semantics of RDF
RDF statements also have a formal meaning which determines, with mathematical precision, the conclusions (or entailments) that machines can draw from a given RDF graph. The RDF Semantics [RDF- SEMANTICS] document defines this formal meaning, using a technique called model…
Semantic Web Gets Closer To The Internet Of Things - Dataversity
Sw and the internet of things
An ontology for the Internet of Things provides all the necessary semantics for the specification of IoT devices as well as the specifications of the IoT solution (input, output, control logic) that is deployed using these devices. These semantics include terminology related to…
Ten Pitfalls Of Enterprise Ontology Management
Ontologies and xml
You can use ontologies as a central location to store the semantics or meaning of the data elements that live on the leaves of XML documents. When they are stored in a well-controlled centralized corporate ontology the definitions of the data elements go beyond the needs of a…
Thesauri Of Historical Periods – A Proposal For Standardization.
Cultural periods are controversial
The archeological notion of cultural periods is based on cultural semantics. Chronological systems based on such periods are notoriously controversial, due to the complexity of the relationships between contextual phenomena and spatiotemporal values. Nevertheless, they play a…
Three Steps To Heaven: Semantic Publishing In A Real World Workflow
Relationship author/reader in semantic publishing (semantics as a byproduct of the process)
Our key constraint is the desire to add value for all the human participants. Both authors and readers should see and recognise additional value, with the semantics a useful or necessary byproduct of the process, rather than the primary motivation. [...] ..we have followed a…
Triple Bypass – What Does The Death Of The Semantic Web Mean For Publishers? - Semantico
XML workflows outlived the Semantic Web
Certainly there are niche applications, in taxonomy design for example, but there is no tidal wave of change. Search is the application with most to gain from semantics (because it enables rich snippets), but the major search engines have abandoned RDF in favor of simpler…
Schema.org as an easy route to semantics
I agree: semantics on the web are alive and well in works such as schema.org. Also wolfram alpha remains very interesting, although I am less convinced of the sustainability of their business model. RDF and triple stores are still research projects. Without production ready…
Where Are The Semantics In The Semantic Web?
Axiomatic semantics
The axiomatic semantics for a language helps to ascribe a real world semantics to expressions in that language, in that it limits the possible models or interpretations that the set of axioms may have.
Hardwired semantics versus public semantics
The general case of automatically determining the meaning of Web content is somewhere between intractable and impossible. Thus, a human will always be hardwiring some of the semantics into Web applications. The question is what is hardwired and what is not? The shopping agent…
Shopping agents as a degenerate Semantic Web
...it is useful to collectively regard shopping agents as a degenerate case of the Semantic Web. Shopping agents work in the complete absence of any explicit account of the semantics of Web content because the meaning of the Web content that the agents are expected to encounter…
The semantic continuum
Semantics may be implicit, existing only in the minds of the humans who communicate and build Web applications. They may also be explicit and informal, or they may be formal. The further we move along the continuum, the less ambiguity there is and the more likely it is to have…
Informal semantics
At a further point along the continuum, the semantics are explicit and are expressed in an informal manner, e.g., a glossary or a text specification document. Given the complexities of natural language, machines have an extremely limited ability to make direct use of informally…
Where are the semantics?
The most widely accepted defining feature of the Semantic Web is machine-usable content. By this definition, the Semantic Web is already manifest in shopping agents that automatically access and use Web content to find the lowest air fares, or book prices. But where are the…
4 questions for analyzing a sw system
Question 1: What is hardwired and what isn’t? Question 2: How much agreement is there among different Web sites in their use of terminology and in the similarity of the concepts being referred to? Question 3: To what extent are the semantics of the content clearly specified? Is…
Formal semantics for human processing
Yet further along the continuum, we have explicit semantics expressed in a formal language. However, they are intended for human processing only. We can think of this as formal documentation, or as formal specifications of meaning. Some examples of this are: 1. Modal logic is…
Model-theoretic semantics
“A model-theoretic semantics for a language assumes that the language refers to a 'world', and describes the minimal conditions that a world must satisfy in order to assign an appropriate meaning for every expression in the language”. [W3C 2002a] It is used as a technical tool…
What is good is what works
What is good is what works. For many applications there is no need for machines to automatically determine the meaning of terms; the human can simply hardwire this meaning into the software. Web shopping agents “know” how to find the fare for a given trip, or the price of a…
Four routes to Semantic Web progress
We anticipate that progress in development of the Semantic Web will take place by: 1. Moving along the semantic continuum from less clearly specified (implicit) semantics to more clearly specified (formal) semantics. 2. Reducing the amount of hardwiring that is necessary…
Machine processible semantics
A more robust approach is to formally represent the semantics and allow the machine to process it to dynamically discover what the content means and how to use it — we call this machine processible semantics. This may be an impossible goal to achieve in its full generality, so…
Four kinds of semantics
We ask three questions about how semantics may be specified: 1. Are the semantics explicit or implicit? 2. Are the semantics expressed informally or formally? 3. Are the semantics intended for human processing, or machine processing? These give rise to four kinds of semantics…
Agreement in the semantic web
The more agreement there is, the better. For example, there are emerging standards for XML DTDs in specific domains. [...] If there is not agreement (e.g., only some Web sites include taxes in the price information), then effort is required to make sure that you have the right…
Implicit semantics are rife with ambiguity
In the simplest case, the semantics are implicit only. Meaning is conveyed based on a shared understanding derived from human consensus. A common example of this case is the typical use of XML tags, such as price, address, or delivery date. Nowhere in an XML document, or DTD or…
Publicly declared concepts in the semantic web
The assumption that there will be terms whose meaning is publicly declared and thus sharable is critical to making the Semantic Web work. Although we brought up this issue in the context of machine processible semantics, it is equally important when the semantics are hardwired…
Search engines don't use formal semantics
The ability of the agent to infer something about the meaning of fuel-pump depends on the existence of a formal semantics for ontology language such as DAML+OIL. The language semantics also allow the agent to infer the meaning of complex expressions built up using language…
Problem of kr languages heterogeneity
Different ontology languages are often based on different underlying paradigms (e.g., description logic, first-order logic, frame-based representation, taxonomy, semantic net, and thesaurus). Some ontology languages are very expressive and some are not. Some ontology languages…
Real world semantics
Real world semantics are concerned with the “mapping of objects in the model or computational world onto the real world ... [and] issues that involve human interpretation, or meaning and use of data or information.” [...] The real world semantics correspond to the concepts in…
Xml And Semantic Transparency
XML governs syntax, not semantics
XML has no formal mechanism to support the declaration of semantic integrity constraints, and XML processors have no means of validating object semantics even if these are declared informally in an XML DTD. XML processors will have no inherent understanding of document object…