[...] the observer assumes that existence takes place independently of what he does, that objects have independent and separate existence, and that these can be known directly through processes of perceiving and reasoning. The criteria for acceptability of the truth of statements refers to some independently existing source of validation (e.g. God, rationality etc.) . This way of explaining necessitates the observer to further assume a single reality , a Universe ( the Transcendental referent ) which is the source of validation for all explanations, and hence for the way we explain our praxis of living. Disagreements among competing observer explanations necessarily involve claims of privileged access to what is 'really real' and consequent mutual negation.